TERMIUM Plus^®

Record 1,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Systems will differ in the extent to which pedagogical knowledge is made explicit in identifiable pedagogical or didactic modules.  1, record 1, English, - pedagogical%20module

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 2 CONT

The pedagogical control module provides some global coordination of diagnosis (perception) and didactics (transition). The pedagogical module whose expertise is neither diagnostic nor didactic in nature reflects the view of the knowledge communication process that the system implements.  1, record 1, English, - pedagogical%20module

Record 1,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Partie d'un tuteur intelligent (TI) qui gère les fonctions pédagogiques de l'apprentissage, détermine le degré de contrôle exercé par le système, et répartit les ressources informatiques.  4, record 1, French, - p%C3%A9dagogue

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le pédagogue est le composant qui doit prendre des décisions telles "quel est le moment approprié pour fournir des indications, "jusqu'où laisser l'étudiant s'embarquer sur une fausse piste?"  1, record 1, French, - p%C3%A9dagogue

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Un système expert EIAO comporterait [...] un module pédagogique qui interpréterait les entrées de l'apprenant pour établir son profil pédagogique, pour le solliciter et le guider dans son approche d'apprentissage (en lui posant des questions, en lui proposant des sous-buts à atteindre, en identifiant et analysant ses erreurs ...). Ce module contiendrait les connaissances concernant les sciences de l'apprentissage (pédagogie, psychologie, sociologie ...).  5, record 1, French, - p%C3%A9dagogue

Record number: 1, Textual support number: 3 CONT

[...] un module pédagogue qui détermine la stratégie tutorielle.  3, record 1, French, - p%C3%A9dagogue

Record 1,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 2,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 DEF

It consists intuitively, of all the logical consequences of explicit knowledge.  3, record 2, English, - nonconscious%20knowledge

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

To make this implicit design knowledge explicit, a new system, NEOMYCIN, was developed that separates out diagnostic strategy from domain knowledge and makes good use of hierarchical organization of data and hypotheses.  4, record 2, English, - nonconscious%20knowledge

Record 2,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Partage du savoir implicite. Sans nier l'utilité des ordinateurs, M. Stewart a souligné que certaines des connaissances les plus précieuses des organisations ne peuvent pas être informatisées. «Les ordinateurs sont très bons pour traiter des masses de données et déceler des tendances. Ils sont les maîtres du savoir explicite alors que les gens excellent dans le savoir implicite. Un ordinateur peut détecter une tendance à partir des milliers de données. Une personne peut le faire avec deux données.» «Les gens sont forts sur le plan de l'intuition, mais faibles sur le plan encyclopédique. La plupart des tentatives de gestion du savoir ont échoué parce qu'elles étaient trop axées sur le transfert du savoir explicite.» Des entreprises ont cherché à rassembler et à consigner tout leur savoir, mais certaines connaissances implicites sont simplement impossibles à traduire sous forme explicite.  4, record 2, French, - savoir%20intuitif

Record 2,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record number: 2, Textual support number: 1 CONT

El conocimiento implícito es aquel conocimiento de base que se encuentra contextualizado en la forma de trabajar en el día a día y al que no se hace referencia explícita (no está formalizado) pero cuya existencia se evidencia a través de los resultados.  1, record 2, Spanish, - conocimiento%20impl%C3%ADcito

Record 3,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A combination of activities - such as design, research, market investigation, process development, organisational restructuring, employee development and so on - which are necessary to develop and support an innovative product or production process.  2, record 3, English, - innovation%20process

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

In successful medium and large companies, the innovation process is documented explicitly via maps and charts, and implicitly communicated by words and practice. In young companies, the innovation process is often a part of the firm's tacit knowledge base, and therefore it is invisible. To grow substantially, though, young firms must eventually make the core element of their innovation process explicit.  3, record 3, English, - innovation%20process

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 PHR

Organic innovation process, top-down innovation process.  4, record 3, English, - innovation%20process

Record 3,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Le processus d'innovation est complexe, celui-ci couvrant toutes les étapes possibles de la chaîne entrepreneuriale depuis la recherche jusqu'à la mise au point d'un produit final commercialisé et sa mise sur le marché, en passant par les étapes d'homologation.  2, record 3, French, - processus%20d%27innovation

Record number: 3, Textual support number: 2 CONT

Le processus d'innovation comprend l'ensemble de la démarche et des actions coordonnées permettant à une organisation d'assurer un renouvellement régulier des services qu'elle commercialise dans le cadre d'une politique d'offre.  3, record 3, French, - processus%20d%27innovation

Record 3,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 4,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Internalization is the conversion of newly created explicit knowledge into the organization's tacit knowledge. The individual has to identify the knowledge relevant to one's self within the organizational knowledge.  1, record 4, English, - internalization

Record 4,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 4, Textual support number: 1 CONT

L'intériorisation fait référence au processus lié à la transformation en connaissances d'informations par l'apprenant. Selon Vygostsky, ce processus est fortement lié avec le contexte social de l'apprentissage. Ainsi l'environnement et les conditions d'apprentissage sont donc vitales pour le processus d'intériorisation. Ainsi l'interaction entre le contexte social et les connaissances internes de l'apprenant vont fortement influencer le processus d'apprentissage.  1, record 4, French, - int%C3%A9riorisation

Record 4,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 6,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Learning Management is a brand new field. This specilization will help you gain the competitive advantage by understanding how to identify, acquire, store, analyze, distribute, and use explicit tacit knowledge to enchance organizational productivity and competitiveness.  2, record 6, English, - learning%20management

Record 6,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 6, Textual support number: 1 CONT

La gestion de l'apprentissage est un cours et un outil de référence en direct. Il s'adresse principalement aux spécialistes en ressources humaines qui s'occupent de la formation our les petites ou grandes organisations. Il a été conçu pour les employés du gouvernement du Canada, mais il sera utile à toute organisation.  2, record 6, French, - gestion%20de%20l%27apprentissage

Record 6,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 7,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Converting Internalized to Explicit Knowledge.-Internalized knowledge is related somewhat to tacit knowledge, but refers more to taking someone else's knowledge and then shaping it into one's own knowledge for better understanding by that person.-The internalized knowledge will need to be made explicit so that others can share and apply this knowledge.  2, record 7, English, - internalized%20knowledge

Record 7,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 7, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les connaissances sont des savoirs construits par les sujets agissant dans leur environnement. La connaissance est toujours un savoir approprié à un contexte, puis transformé (construit en connaissance décontextualisée), et évolutif (quand cette connaissance est agie dans un nouveau contexte).  3, record 7, French, - savoir%20appropri%C3%A9

Record 7,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 8,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Engineers can be taught to design bridges and circuits, architects buildings, product designers appliances, and so learning designers can be taught to design for learning. Learning design is a process of thinking and investigating, of exploring possibilities and applying knowledge and skill of various kinds. Even if deep, mysterious, unconscious creative impulses inspire our design ideas, we can then make them explicit and examine their merits in an open, public way.  1, record 8, English, - learning%20design

Record 8,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 8, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Lors des dernières décennies, les changements technologiques des moyens de communication ont transformé les espaces de connaissance et la relation homme-monde. Dans le domaine de l'enseignement, ces changements se sont manifestés par l'incorporation dans l'environnement scolaire d'«outils technologiques» qui peu à peu ont changé la conception d'apprentissage, tout en mettant en question le rôle de chaque élément dans le processus enseignement-apprentissage.  1, record 8, French, - conception%20d%27apprentissage

Record 8,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 9,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 9, Textual support number: 1 CONT

The ITS Group's effort goes beyond the mere use of genetic links : the organization of knowledge is to include explicit connections to a hierarchy of(curricular goals), so that complete curricula involving multiple lessons can be accommodated.  1, record 9, English, - curricular%20goal

Record 9,  Textual support,  French

Record 9,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 10,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Knowledge creation is reached by the interplay of tacit, i. e. personal knowledge that is hard to formalize or communicate to others, and explicit knowledge, formal knowledge that is easy to transmit between individuals and groups, in the organization.  2, record 10, English, - knowledge%20creation

Record 10,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 10, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Les Universités et Grandes Écoles se focalisent, non seulement sur la création du savoir, mais sur l'acquisition des compétences en formation initiale et formation continue, et désormais l'on assiste à l'apparition d'une profusion de nouveaux cours, nouvelles options, nouveaux programmes.  6, record 10, French, - cr%C3%A9ation%20du%20savoir

Record 10,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 11,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 11, Textual support number: 1 DEF

A module of a learning system that uses information supplied by the environment to make improvements in an explicit knowledge base.  2, record 11, English, - learning%20element

Record 11,  Textual support,  French

Record 11,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 12,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Systems will differ in the extent to which pedagogical knowledge is made explicit in identifiable pedagogical or didactic modules.... The word didactic is used to contrast pedagogical interventions with diagnostic processes, which are also a type of pedagogical activity.  1, record 12, English, - didactic%20module

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Component of the pedagogical module that provides an instruction model.  2, record 12, English, - didactic%20module

Record 12,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 12, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Tous les auteurs ne distinguent pas nettement l'aspect didactique des diagnostics et l'aspect pédagogique des autres interventions. Le terme "module pédagogique" est par conséquent usité comme synonyme de "module didactique".  1, record 12, French, - module%20didactique

Record 12,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 13,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 DEF

An assessment method of the reliability of incoming data based on information derived from the contents of the knowledge state, and on the assumption that the acquisition of new pieces of knowledge follows natural links connecting them to existing knowledge. The locus of learning is predicted by the frontier of the student's knowledge as defined on the network of these genetic links. In the student model, the confidence in the mastery of each piece of knowledge can be assessed not only on the basis of data extracted from behavior, but also in terms of the number and nature of genetic connections with other parts of the curriculum that have been made explicit by instruction.  1, record 13, English, - genetic%20organization

Record 13,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 13, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Voir graphe génétique.  1, record 13, French, - organisation%20g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique

Record 13,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 14,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 14, Textual support number: 1 OBS

In contrast to a ready-made curriculum included in the representation of domain knowledge, a system can be set up to plan its own curriculum taking advantage of the explicit representation of teaching goals, of the student model and of prerequisite relations provided by an adequate model of expertise.  1, record 14, English, - self%2Dplanning

Record 14,  Textual support,  French

Record 14,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 15,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 DEF

Explicit representation of pedagogical knowledge in a tutoring system(ITS).  1, record 15, English, - pedagogical%20expertise%20model

Record number: 15, Textual support number: 1 OBS

See pedagogical expertise.  1, record 15, English, - pedagogical%20expertise%20model

Record 15,  Textual support,  French

Record 15,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 16,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Brown et al.(1982) reflect on the use of quantitative simulation for making inferences and see it as a double-edged sword. On the one hand, the simulation provides a lot of leverage to the inference process, because large amounts of knowledge are encoded in the model and brought to bear via the simulation. On the other hand, this embedded knowledge is often based on implicit assumptions and empirical decisions on the part of the model' s designers, which may be very subtle. For instance, the formulas used to run the simulation may only be valid for certain classes of inputs. If these assumptions are not made "explicit and checkable", they can easily be violated when the simulation involves faults. For teaching purposes, the main drawback of quantitative simulation is its inability to give a full account of the causality underlying its inferences. Causality is pedagogically important because it is the main ingredient of the kinds of explanations human students can understand. In a troubleshooting context, causality, more than information content, drives the diagnostic reasoning and the decision to perform measurements.  1, record 16, English, - quantitative%20simulation

Record 16,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 16, Textual support number: 1 OBS

Voir simulateur quantitatif. Comparer à simulation qualitative.  1, record 16, French, - simulation%20quantitative

Record 16,  Textual support,  Spanish

Record 17,  Textual support,  English

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Ervin-Tripp uses the term socio-linguistic competence in order "to exclude the many forms of skill in non linguistic communication". There are also other uses such as Hugh Mehan’s "interactional competence;" ... but they all recognize the basic notions of the referential and social functions inherent in Hymes’ communicative competence.  1, record 17, English, - communicative%20competence

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 2 CONT

This notion is intended... to include not only grammatical competence(or implicit and explicit knowledge of the rules of grammar) but also contextual or sociolinguistic competence(knowledge of the rules of language use).  1, record 17, English, - communicative%20competence

Record 17,  Textual support,  French

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 1 CONT

Cette aptitude de l'individu à choisir le sous-code ou variété de langue, approprié à la situation et aux fonctions du langage, repose sur des conventions sociales et linguistiques dont la somme constitue la compétence de communication.  1, record 17, French, - comp%C3%A9tence%20de%20communication

Record number: 17, Textual support number: 2 CONT

La compétence de communication consiste non seulement dans la maîtrise orale de situations communicatives, mais aussi dans la flexibilité de chacun vis-à-vis de multiples exigences de compréhension et de communication.  1, record 17, French, - comp%C3%A9tence%20de%20communication

Record 17,  Textual support,  Spanish